Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Sociological imagination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sociological imagination - Essay Example This paper shall discuss the basis of the secondary schools and how these shape up the beliefs and ideologies of the students in a number of different ways. It will take a look at how the sociological imagination within their ranks develops and what more could be done to bring sanity within the related ranks in the future. Social Identity Defined Social identity is defined as a method within the domains of social psychology where individuals are earmarked to differentiate between a number of levels or in terms of their identity types. The social identity philosophy is made use of by people from different disciplines where economics and political science stand out within the related realms. The inter-group relations are discussed at length within the social identity domains and this is the reason why it has been largely highlighted in the studies that deal with identity building across a number of platforms. Role of Secondary Schools in Shaping up Social Identity How the secondary sch ools shape up the social identity domains of the students is something that needs to be understood. This is the age when the students exploit their strengths and want to know more and more about the worldly affairs than was ever the case in the past. This is the time when they will get to know about things that they have never discussed in the earlier stages of their lives. It is true to state that the social identities start getting advanced with each passing day and the significance for this is provided through the acts and behaviors of the students themselves. They believe that they should get to know more about the world around them, and thus discern the real basis of humanity by all means of imagination. Their sociological perspectives start getting developed, where they explore how things work and shape up in different situations, and how these embody the basis of success for their own selves in the long run. In short, there is a great amount of breakdown of thoughts and perce ptions that were there within their minds in the past. What they see now is filled with experiments that they have had at this stage. They will get to find out about things up close and personal, and thus experience the same through their hands. They will see the reality basis of things and thus change their perspectives. Relationship of Social Identities with Educational Under-attainment Since the secondary schools make the students realize where they are going to be as regards to their future domains, it is only natural to think of the students in the same light. This is because the social identity issues deem a great deal of significance for the students when it comes to gaining an understanding of the educational quarters. These educational regimes receive a kick since under-attainment can easily be witnessed by the people who matter the most within the affairs of these secondary schools – the top management which is concerned with the propagation of education. The social identities with educational under-attainment come about as a reality because the students start believing in the fact that there could be much more than education at this age. They delve into other zones of life and decipher the meaning of such acts in a wholly different way. There is a good amount of confusion happening within their fore and this is the reason why the

Monday, October 28, 2019

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Essay Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is recommended by the NICE guidelines as an effective treatment for many mental health problems, specifically depression and all of the anxiety disorders. But is it a therapy open to all? When Professor Lord Layard wrote his paper: â€Å"Mental Health: Britain’s Biggest Social Problem? † in 2005, he noted that: â€Å"16% of adults of working age have a mental illness† Of these 16%, he stated that, only a quarter were utilising any type of treatment. It was this sort of finding that lead to his recommendation to increase accessibility to proven therapies such as CBT. This was achieved with the roll out of the Improved Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) programme. The diagram below shows how the IAPT programme has been divided up into 3 steps: It is this stepped approach that will contribute to overcoming some of the barriers that societies diversity may have with accessing CBT. What might these barriers be? One of the first barriers an individual faces may be around the concern of being stigmatised. It may be too hard for them to think about accessing CBT therapy for fear of what others may think. They may not want to take time off work to attend sessions for fear of it impacting negatively on their career prospects. The stepped care model means they are able to receive the lowest appropriate service tier support. This may mean that an individual is able to access therapy using guided self-help, allowing them to work through the programme in their own time and at their own pace. Online programmes such as â€Å"Fearfighter† and â€Å"Beating the Blues† allow the individual to access therapy where and when they like. Not only do these sort of programmes overcome the fear of stigma but they also overcome the issue of long waiting lists meaning that the individual can access treatment on their terms almost instantaneously. Only if this level of support proves unsuccessful will the individual then be â€Å"stepped up† to the high intensity support. These internet CBT programmes also overcome geographical difficulties, as long the individual has access to the internet and phone. In my opinion the internet is one of the main ways in which barriers may be removed. Morland et al (2011) conducted a study on the effectiveness of CBT delivered via video conferencing compared to the â€Å"traditional in-person†. The results indicated that the outcomes were just as effective. A promising move for those that are unable to access traditional CBT as a result of their location or possible mental health issue, for example those suffering agoraphobia. At the core of CBT is the individual’s motivation to learn and change. This in itself can lead to difficulties, especially in children and young people. Often this â€Å"group† is being taken to therapy rather than choosing to go. Hudson (2005) found that large numbers of youngsters were not responding to the CBT treatment that they were receiving. As far as children and young people are concerned there seems to have been limited research onto the success of CBT treatment. The first controlled trials did not take place until the early 1990s and the majority of research has focused on the impact of CBT on adults. Even so the NICE guidelines on Depression in Children and Young People recommended the use of CBT, firstly, rather than pharmacological interventions. So how has CBT been adapted to incorporate children and young people, whose very cognition and emotional stages differs from that of adults? There have been some creative adaptations to the CBT model such as â€Å"Think Good Feel good†. Here the concept of CBT is broken down into easy to manage bites. There is also a lot of use of cartoons and speech bubbles, allowing the young person to access their thoughts and feelings in a safe way. The need to use more non-verbal techniques to help the young person to engage in the process such as, storytelling, drawing and games is also highlighted in this book. O’Reilly et al (2009) have also developed an interesting approach to using CBT with children and young people. They have created a game called â€Å"gNAtenboroughs Island† which is played by the youngster alongside a therapist. Each session introduces another core CBT concept to the young person, such as the connection between thoughts, feelings and behaviours. These are presented in a non-threatening way and also a way that may be more engaging to this age group. Cerangolu (2010) found that video games could enhance the therapeutic experience. They could help facilitate the therapeutic relationship as young people may be more willing to relate to a therapist that is ready to engage and understand their normal way of playing. Also sitting side by side rather than at the conventional â€Å"ten to two† setting also may make the young person relax. How the game is played can also reveal the young person cognitive style. As technology develops so do the opportunities to engage young people in therapy. Apps for smartphones are constantly being developed that allow the young person to access their homework in a more user friendly way, to record their thoughts and emotions instantaneously. To allow them to engage in therapy in the same way that they engage in their life. Homework may be a part of CBT therapy that causes a young person to disengage, especially as the very word may cause them to have negative connotations. Gaynor et al (2006) found that compliance toward completing homework dropped the further into therapy a young person was. It is important that the therapist and client work together to agree the homework and that the young person is encouraged to set their own, as this may encourage a â€Å"buy in â€Å"to its importance. It may be that the therapist stays away from using the language of school and calls it â€Å"practise work† or â€Å"work for self†. Initially I saw CBT treatment as regimented and unmoving, but the more I have researched the barriers that different people may encompass when thinking of embarking on treatment the more I realise that CBT is indeed structured but there is an innate flexibility about how it is delivered. It is this flexibility that allows people from different backgrounds to engage in a CBT approach that sees them as an individual rather than specific disorder.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Solids, Liquids, and Gases :: essays research papers

Solids, liquids, and gases are the three main, or fundamental phases of matter. Each one has a different density and a different level of stability. What determines the stability of each phase is the bond between it's atoms. The tighter the bond between it's atoms the more stable that phase of matter is. Solids are the most stable form of matter, followed by liquids, and then gases. Solids have a definite shape and do not take the shape of their container. Liquids do not have any definite shape and do take the shape of their container, the same is true with gases. Once again it is the bond between the atoms of liquids, and gases that make it have no definite shape. The first phase of matter is solids. Solids are the most stable form of matter. Solids are more stable than liquids and gases. One type of solid is a Crystalline solid. The particles in a crystalline solid have a regular repeating pattern. The types of crystalline solids are metals, alloys, salts, valence crystals, molecular crystals, polymers, and plastics. Most elementscrystalize as metals. Some solids can also be frozen liquids. The atoms in a solid are tightly bonded which means it has a definiteshape. The second phase of matter is liquids. Liquids have no definite shape. Liquids are less orderly than solids but more orderly than gases. Liquids can flow very easily. Liquids also take the shape of their container. Most liquids are very good conductors. Most liquids are also good solvents. Some solids float in liquids depending on their density. If the solid is less dense than the liquid then it floats on the liquids surface. If the solid is more dense than the liquid then it sinks in the liquids. For example an egg normally sinks in water because it's density is higher than water's density. When you add salt to the water the density of the water becomes higher than the egg's density so the egg floats. The third and final fundamental phase of matter is gas. Gases are the least orderly of the three phases of matter. Gases take the shape of their container because of the very weak bond between their atoms. Gases are also very low in density. The average gas is 1000 times less than that of the average liquid. The volume of gas varies with many things including temperature and pressure. These are explained in Charles's and Boyle's laws. Boyle's law states that the volume of gas varies indefinitely with the pressure applied to it.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Knowledge Of Biomechanical Restrictions Ankle Health And Social Care Essay

The knee bend is a often used exercising in the strength and conditioning community and is regarded as an first-class manner to develop the lower limb muscular structure. This is in no little portion down to the biomechanical and neuromuscular similarities that the knee bend exercising has in relation to many athletic motions ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . The knee bend is besides used in many rehabilitation protocols as it is a closed kinetic concatenation exercising ( Escamilla et al. , 1998 ; Stuart, Meglan, Lutz, Growney, & A ; An, 1996 ) where the distal section is fixed ( Yack, Collins, & A ; Whieldon, 1993 ) . The knee bend is besides a mention point for most strength and conditioning managers when measuring maximum lower limb strength and this is besides the instance in competitory power-lifting and weightlifting ( Escamilla, Fleisig, Lowry, Barrentine, & A ; Andrews, 2001 ) . Squat preparation has been shown to correlate strongly with improved sprinting, perpendicular leap an d other athletic abilities ( Wisloff, Castagna, Helgerud, Jones, & A ; Hoff, 2004 ; CHELLY et al. , 2009 ) and so strength and conditioning managers would be wise to proliferate good motion in this exercising. It is non merely in athletic preparation that the knee bend should be regarded as of import but besides in mundane life because the specificity of the crouching motion to undertakings such as picking up immature kids and bundles is innately similar, as are infinite other avocations and undertakings ( Schonefield, 2010 ) intending the ability to crouch allows people to retain functional independency in life. During chunky public presentation the mortise joint articulation contributes considerable support and helps to bring forth the important degrees of power required for this motion ( Hung & A ; Gross, 1999 ) . Besides failing or instability at the mortise joint has antecedently been implicated in the generation of defective motion forms during the knee bend happening specifically that failing of the gastrocnemius, tibialis front tooth or buttocks may increase likeliness of both foot pronation gesture and so diminishing the ability to command articulatio genus valgus ( Bell, Padua, & A ; Clark, 2008 ) . However it was noted by Schonefield ( 2010 ) that the degree of kinematic informations on the mortise joint articulation and its importance to the crouching motion is scarce. Most writers have decided to concentrate their attendings on the biomechanics of the spinal column, hip or articulatio genus composite during crouching undertakings ( Schonefield, 2010 ) and so some recommendations will be made within this paper for future research. The incidence of ankle hurt in athletics is highest in tribunal and squad athleticss such as rugger, football, hoops and volleyball ( Fong, 2007 ) . A systematic reappraisal paper by Fong ( 2007 ) looked at 227 surveies that had detailed ankle hurt rates across 70 different athleticss over a 28 twelvemonth period and found that in athleticss hurts the mortise joint was the 2nd most injured organic structure site after the articulatio genus ( Fong, 2007 ) . The chief constituents that encompass the mortise joint are the superior tibiofibular articulation and the talo-crural articulation. The superior tibiofibular articulation ( STFJ ) is prone to locking when it is working as portion of a kinetic concatenation and this can take to stop scope restrictions of talocrural dorsiflexion ( Phelps, James, & A ; Matthijs, 2003 ) . The talo-crural articulation ( appendix 1 ) which passively dorsiflexes up to 30Â ° and plantar flexes up to 50Â ° is made up of the talar dome resting on the roof of the mortice, which is junction of the shinbone, calf bone and median and sidelong malleoli. Talocrural dorsiflexion is seen as normal between 11Â ° and 25 Â ° and inflexible between 4.3Â ° and 11.2Â ° ( mention this please ) . The mortise joint composite besides has a huge web of back uping ligaments and sinews and in entire the mortise joint and pes contains 26 castanetss. In order to crouch the metatarsals will dorsiflex and kidnap as the mortise joint goes into dorsiflexion and so follows subtalar joint abduction doing calcaneal eversion which leads to internal rotary motion of the shinbone and thighbone making knee flexure and therefore motion in the sagittal plane. The flexibleness of the calf musculus composite will restrict the sum of dorsiflexion attained, which in bend bounds the remainder of the concatenation or causes compensations someplace else. The induction of a squatting motion is thought to happen from a muscular response that initiate hip and knee flexure along with ankle dorsiflexion to interrupt unsloped position ( Dionisio, Almeida, Duarte, & A ; Hirata, 2008 ) . At this point an automatic response of the tibialis anterior additions ankle joint dorsiflexion torsion and disrupts the postural equilibrium ( Cheron, Bengoetxea, Pozzo, Bourgeois, & A ; Draye, 1997 ) . At this point moderate gastrocnemius activity has been observed appare ntly to command the degree of dorsiflexion at the mortise joint ( Dahlkvist, Mayo, & A ; Seedhom, 1982 ; Escamilla et al. , 2001 ; Escamilla et al. , 1998 ) contending the theory that the musculus is eccentrically controlling dorsiflexion. This theory nevertheless may non keep true due to the fact that the gastrocnemius is a biarticular musculus and may so shorten at the articulatio genus whilst lengthening at the mortise joint and frailty versa for the ascent stage ( Escamilla, 2001 ) . Indeed gastrocnemius activity has been found to be comparatively low in crouching motions and is highest at near to top out knee flexure ( Donnelly, Berg, & A ; Fiske, 2006 ) which correlates with the fact that the gastrocnemius force arm extremum at this point ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . Ankle angular speeds have been seen to be reasonably low and rather changeless throughout both the acclivity and descent stages of the knee bend ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) . Stance is an of import factor in crouching public presentation and muscular enlisting forms and no clear victor has been found in the race to domination with foot place even in the powerlifting universe. Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) examined how 3 differing stances affected joint minute and angular speeds utilizing a 3 dimensional biomechanical analysis but besides comparing against a 2-D theoretical account, happening important differences in wider stances. This was interesting because the ankle joint minutes and section angles calculated in old 2-D literature were based on utilizing a individual camera to therefore position the joint moving in merely the sagittal plane which can merely go on when the pess point forwards and so as the stance breadth increased so would the degrees of erroneous informations biomechanically from the mortise joint articulation ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) presuming topics have to turn their pess out. Potentially this means unless the stance was standardized to insulate sagittal motion in all literature so it is extremely likely to be inaccurate. The motion of the articulatio genuss relative to the mortise joints in the z-axis was besides studied in the Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) paper and they found that the articulatio genuss translated frontward over the pess 21.7 AÂ ± 4.4 centimeter during the narrow stance, 18.0 AÂ ± 2.6 centimeter during the medium stance, and 16.0 AÂ ± 4.6 centimeter during the broad stance. It has been antecedently reported that increased frontward motion of the articulatio genuss during crouching causes shearing forces at the articulatio genus ( Ariel, 1974 ) . This besides highlights the importance of ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture during crouching motions when using a broad or average stance, which was categorized by Escamilla et Al ( 2001 ) as 121-153 % shoulder width apart ( set broad stance breadth in! ) . In this survey the most important differences in joint minutes and minute weaponries were seen at the mortise joint articulation ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) and unsurprisingly the greatest differences occurred between the narrow and broad stances ( appendix 2 ) . The greatest mortise joint articulation minutes were seen at maximal knee flexure ( Escamilla et al. , 2001 ) which was in line with old literature where gastrocnemius activity besides peaked at this point ( Isear, Erickson, & A ; Worrell, 1997 ) in all chance antagonizing the mortise joint minutes. A recent survey, albeit looking at quality of motion steps and the sidelong measure down test, saw that topics with inhibited public presentation in these trials had limited ankle dorsiflexion ( RABIN & A ; KOZOL, 2010 ) and so compensations are likely to be happening elsewhere. McLaughlin et Al ( 1977 ) have recommended maintaining the shinbone every bit perpendicular as possible to restrict the possible articulatio genus shearing forces in the knee bend ( McLaughlin, Dillman, & A ; Lardner, 1977 ) and so a later survey by Fry et Al ( 2003 ) compared kinetic belongingss when articulatio genus anterior motion was restricted. The 7 topics were weight trained work forces who had all squatted on a regular basis earlier and each performed 3 knee bends both impeded and unimpeded with consequences demoing important differences in both hip and articulatio genus torsions under restricted articulatio genus conditions. The restricted knee bend produced greater torsion values at the hip compared to the articulatio genus and besides showed a more inclined bole and trunk every bit good as a more perpendicular shinbone ( Fry, Smith, & A ; Schilling, 2003 ) . The limitation ( figure 1 ) so causes a alteration in the hip minute arm, which is a necessary compensation to let the Centre of mass to remain over the base of support, the pess. This inordinate forward tilt is hence necessary when there is a limitation in anterior knee motion and significantly has besides been noted as a common mistake for novice lifters executing the barbell knee bend exercising ( Chandler & A ; Stone, 1991 ) . It has been seen that less skilled homesteaders tended to tilt frontward more, therefore making greater bole torsions ( McLaughlin et al. , 1977 ) but it has besides been seen that lumbar spinal column shearing forces are significantly increased in lifters exposing a outstanding forward tilt ( Russell & A ; Phillips, 1989 ) . It can be moderately assumed that the big hip torsions seen when anterior articulatio genus motion is restricted are transferred to the lumbar spinal column making a possible hurt site and hapless biomechanical modeling. Surveies have antecedently shown that the experts in crouching have superior kinematics due to a more vertical bole, less horizo ntal hip supplanting and superior dynamicss through less bole torsions than less experient lifters ( McCaw & A ; Melrose, 1999 ; McLaughlin et al. , 1977 ) . One cause for restricted anterior articulatio genus motion in knee bend could be gastrocnemius equinus forestalling dorsiflexion and this is a wholly under researched country. It has been researched in spastic and neurologically impaired persons but non every bit much in non-spastic populations as a cause of limited dorsiflexion. This stringency causes an inability to dorsiflex through the tibiotalar articulation and can besides take to other symptoms of the bow and mid pes ( DiGiovanni et al. , 2002 ) . Heel rises have been used by jocks to help in the gym based motion such as knee bend and Olympic raising fluctuations. A diminution board is such a device and this puts lesser demands on the mortise joint in dorsiflexion compared to normal floor based knee bends ( Frohm, Halvorsen, & A ; Thorstensson, 2007 ) . This has been postulated as a method for the intervention of tendinopathies at the patellar but this is when utilizing bizarre motions ( Frohm et al. , 2007 ) to make maximal force at the articulatio genus and non for general knee bend. One possible drawback with heel rises is that the when utilizing a heel raise the pes becomes more plantarflexed coupled with calcaneal inversion. This means that during crouching when tibial internal rotary motion is required it is hard to achieve whilst the pes is somewhat inversed and as the shinbone is already in a somewhat externally rotated place. Tibial external rotary motion has been implicated as one of the causes of dynamic articulatio genus valgus in the knee bend exercising ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) which is regarded as a important hazard factor in anterior cruciate ligament showing ( Chaudhari & A ; Andriacchi, 2006 ; Hewett et al. , 2005 ) . The median supplanting of the articulatio genus ( MKD ) is thought to be influenced by specific strength or flexibleness shortages in muscular structure at the hip and mortise joint ( Hirth & A ; Padua, 2007 ) such as stringency of sidelong gastrocnemius, soleus and peroneals which may add to tibal abduction and external rotary motion ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . Once once more though, the research detailing the existent comparative parts of the mortise joint and hip is non seen. This is one country where clinicians may make up one's mind to utilize a heel rise to distinguish the cause of MKD between hip muscular structure and lower limb muscular structure when MKD is seen when utilizing a heel rise under the calcaneous when bilaterally crouching ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . A surve y by Bell et Al ( 2008 ) looked at the lower limb causes of MKD and found that topics with inordinate MKD had 20 % less inactive mortise joint dorsiflexion scope of gesture with a flexed articulatio genus ( Bell et al. , 2008 ) . It should be noted that the topics in this survey were non wholly from athletic or physically active backgrounds with a significantly greater proportion ( n=30, men=7, women=30 ) being adult females. The presence of an increased articulatio genus valgus when decreased mortise joint dorsiflexion scope of gesture is present facilitates the demand for farther survey into this country as a showing tool for ACL hurt bar ( Fong, Blackburn, Norcross, McGrath, & A ; Padua, 2011 ) . Outside of crouching forms, jocks with limited mortise joint dorsiflexion have been seen to incur much greater extremum landing forces after dropping or jumping ( Blackburn & A ; Padua, 2008 ; Devita & A ; Skelly, 1992 ) which is coupled with much less articulatio genus and hip supplanting. Reduced ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture was besides associated with patellar sinew tendinopathies ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) in volleyball participants due to the resulting limited calf bizarre contraction ability ( Malliaras, Cook, & A ; Kent, 2006 ) . Another similar status to patellar tendinopathy that has been implicated with limited mortise joint dorsiflexion is Morbud Osgood Schlatters ( MOS ) in athleticss active kids. This status is caused by grip apophysitis of the tibial tubercle caused by insistent strain and chronic avulsion of the secondary ossification Centre of the tibial tubercle ( EHRENBORG, 1962 ) although the exact description and causing is still debated. This insistent pulling gest ure comes from the quadriceps musculus during featuring activities ( Sarcevic, 2008 ) . Sarcevic ( 2008 ) theorized that limited mortise joint dorsiflexion caused compensatory actions such as increased articulatio genus flexure, tibial internal rotary motion and foot pronation during the stance stage of running ( Sarcevic, 2008 ) . In this paper 42 of the 45 topics had a dorsiflexion angle of less than 10Â ° and besides had clinical diagnosing of MOS. This is simply a theory though and farther research should concentrate on using a control group to compare and therefore make causal relationships. The importance of ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture is non merely critical for crouching motions and set downing but besides for the bar of by and large enfeebling conditions such as plantarfasciitis. Plantarfasciitis is comparatively common in physically active and athletic populations ( Kibler, Goldberg, & A ; Chandler, 1991 ) and is by and large seen as redness of the facia on the sole of the pes giving anterior heel hurting. It has been seen that when ankle dorsiflexion is limited, inordinate pronation of the pes will happen to counterbalance, thereby increasing tensile tonss on the plantar aponeurosis ( Kibler et al. , 1991 ; WRIGHT & A ; RENNELS, 1964 ) . The hazard of plantartfasciitis additions as the scope of dorsiflexion lessenings and providentially those who spend a longer sum of clip on their pess are once more at a greater hazard ( Riddle, Pulisic, Pidcoe, & A ; Johnson, 2003 ) . One of the causes of a limited dorsiflexion may be the inability of the shinbone to posterior glide decently on the flexible joint like scree ( Denegar & A ; Miller, III, 2002 ) . Lots of research is available that highlights the effectivity of anterior to posterior mobilizations of the scree on the shinbone to increase ankle dorsiflexion scope of gesture ( Landrum, Kelln, Parente, Ingersoll, & A ; Hertel, 2008 ; van der Wees et al. , 2006 ; Vicenzino, Branjerdporn, Teys, & A ; Jordan, 2006 ) . This research was by and large performed on topics with chronic mortise joint sprain and or, instability. One of the theories postulated for the effectivity of the front tooth to posterior mobilization technique is the theory of the lockup of the scree, whereby the scree is subluxated anteriorly on the shinbone ( Mulligan B R. , 1999 ) and even though there is small published quantifiable grounds of this theory it is worthwhile cognition for the strength and conditioning manager who identifies a dorsiflexion restriction. In another paper topics who suffered recurrent mortise joint sprains and were so diagnosed with chronic mortise joint instability ( CAI ) had significantly less dorsiflexion compared to a control group when jogging ( Drewes, McKeon, Casey Kerrigan, & A ; Hertel, 2009 ) . This shortage was so postulated as a important hazard factor in jocks with CAI with recommendations to see a clinician proposed ( Drewes et al. , 2009 ) . It should besides be noted that during this survey used a 10 camera gesture analysis system intending a 3-D analysis was undertaken on topics.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Cause and effect essay- 3 negative impacts of technology Essay

Technology is ever-changing in today’s day and age and has affected us individually, and as a society either negatively or positively depending on the perspective. Technology has negatively impacted me in three specific ways. The first way technology has impacted my life caused a decrease in the number of face-to-face interactions I have daily. With technology assisting or occupying the majority of our day, the conversations we participate in daily are more often limited to a text or phone call. The second way technology has affected my life has caused an increase in the amount of bullying found online among students. With social media being the new faà §ade for students to anonymously pick on one another, there’s been a noticeable increase in physical violence in schools, as well as a soaring statistic in pre-teen and teen suicides. The third and final way technology has negatively impacted my life caused less personal thinking in my daily routine. A phone, for example, has Internet connection, a calculator, a dictionary, a thesaurus and multiple other assistive apps to help simplify our daily tasks. see more:does social media create isolation In a week alone, the average teen will send 854 texts, spends 31 hours on a computer and watch 21 hours of television. The first negative impact technology has had on my life is the amount of time it consumes. With social media occupying the majority of our schedules, the amount of conversations we engage in daily are limited to a text or phone call. While these new forms can be assistive in long distance communication, it also changes the way we interact among one another. Communicating over text messaging can be misinterpreted; distracting and can even affect our mood. Studies suggest that there can be a correlation found between social interactions and the way we feel. When our schedules are busy and others are constantly surrounding us, our mood generally gets better. Social media is causing us a lack of face-to-face communication, causing us to be lazier, dependent and socially in tune at all times. I find that the lack of face-to-face communication is a problem because of the time social media takes up. For example, when my family gets together every Friday evening for a movie night, the lights and sounds of the devices surrounding constantly distract me. I find technology negatively impacts my life by taking up a large amount of my family, and personal time. The idea of â€Å"cyber bullying† didn’t arise until early 2001 when students started causing problems at school because of issues previously online. Social networking sites have created the second negative impact the internet has had on my life. Sites such as Tumblr, Ask.Fm and Formspring.Me offer an anonymous option when asking a question that is publicly posted to the timelines of everyone following the receiver. These comments can leave the victim feeling overwhelmed, vulnerable, powerless, exposed, humiliated and isolated. Victims usually feel threatened to be present in front of the bully or feel the need to lash out and attack the attacker. Studies from Stop A Bully Safe & Anonymous conducted may 2009 – July 2013 reported cyber bullying third most common in Ontario. (20%) With statistics this high, social media causes just as many negative effects on teens as it does positive. With cyber bullying awareness assemblies, posters and public announcements it is still a common problem in today’s youth. Suicides still account for 20% of deaths from all causes in this age group. In 2008, the most recent year for which statistics are available, 233 Canadians aged 10 to 19 — 156 males and 77 females — died by their own hands because of problems among peers. Cyber bullying has caused a negative impact on my life as well as the lives of many others. It’s very easy for anyone to anonymously send a message and not feel guilty, but it isn’t very funny when you’re made the target. All day, every day my cell phone is in my pocket, ready to help me whenever I need it. The last negative impact technology has had on my life is the lack of thinking I do daily. My phone helps by providing a calculator, notes, dictionaries, thesauruses and many other assistive apps that help me on the go. Instead of doing difficult math problems or worrying about the essay I have to write, my phone has the ability to calculate any problem or search the web for a few ideas at anytime. While these may seem like handy functions to have around, they also prevent my chances of learning by answering a math problem or creating an essay topic myself. I find these functions cause our society to be neglectful and reliant. For example, with the help of modern technology, I haven’t been to the library to use an encyclopedia in years. This is because of the efficiency and accuracy that the internet has to offer. While the internet can quickly assist you on any topic you need, it can also cause you to be dependent and brainless by doing all of your work for you. I believe modern technology is causing our society to change. What once was a purposeful and determined community is now an uneducated and inert population. Technology has negatively impacted me in three ways: a decrease in the number of face-to-face interactions I have daily, an increase in the amount of bullying found online among students and a noticeable decrease in the amount of personal thinking in my daily routine.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Facts About Eohippus

Facts About Eohippus In paleontology, correctly naming a new genus of extinct animal can often be a long, tortured affair. Eohippus, aka Hyracotherium, is a good case study: this prehistoric horse was first described by the famous 19th-century paleontologist Richard Owen, who mistook it for an ancestor of the hyrax (hence the name he bestowed on it in 1876, Greek for hyrax-like mammal). A few decades later, another eminent paleontologist, Othniel C. Marsh, gave a similar skeleton discovered in North America the more memorable name Eohippus (dawn horse). Since for a long time Hyracotherium and Eohippus were considered to be identical, the rules of paleontology dictated that we call this mammal by its original name, the one bestowed by Owen. Never mind that Eohippus was the name used in countless encyclopedias, childrens books, and TV shows. Now, the weight of opinion is that Hyracotherium and Eohippus were closely related, but not quite identical, the result is that its once again kosher to refer to the American specimen, at least, as Eohippus. Amusingly, the late evolutionary scientist Stephen Jay Gould railed against the depiction of Eohippus in the popular media as a fox-sized mammal, when in fact it was the size of a deer. An Ancestor of Modern Horses Theres a similar amount of confusion about whether Eohippus and/or Hyracotherium actually deserve to be called the first horse. When you go back in the fossil record 50 million years or so, it can be difficult, verging on impossible, to identify the ancestral forms of any given extant species. Today, most paleontologists classify Hyracotherium as a palaeothere, that is, a perissodactyl (odd-toed ungulate) ancestral to both horses and the giant plant-eating mammals known as brontotheres (typified by Brontotherium, the thunder beast). Its close cousin Eohippus, on the other hand, seems to deserve a place more firmly in the equid than the palaeothere family tree, though of course, this is still up for debate! Whatever you choose to call it, Eohippus was clearly at least partly ancestral to all modern-day horses, as well as to the numerous species of prehistoric horse (like Epihippus and Merychippus) that roamed the North American and Eurasian plains of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. As with many such evolutionary precursors, Eohippus didnt look much like a horse, with its slender, deerlike, 50-pound body and three- and four-toed feet; also, to judge by the shape of its teeth, Eohippus munched on low-lying leaves rather than grass. (In the early Eocene epoch, when Eohippus lived, grasses had yet to spread across the North American plains, which spurred the evolution of grass-eating equids.) Facts About Eohippus Eohippus (Greek for dawn horse), pronounced EE-oh-HIP-us; also known as Hyracotherium (Greek for hyrax-like beast), pronounced HIGH-rack-oh-THEE-ree-um Habitat: Woodlands of North America and Western Europe Historical Epoch: Early-Middle Eocene (55-45 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet high and 50 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; four-toed front and three-toed back feet

Monday, October 21, 2019

Self

Self Self-assessment and Cultural Sensitivity Test Essay I chose the cultural diversity self assessment and the cultural sensitivity test for this weeks journal. The results from the two self assessments I did show that I always, for the most part, try to see all points of view, realize my personal experiences shape my values and beliefs, am comfortable in situations with people who are different from me, and that it is important to hear all sides of the issue before making a decision. I think that empathy is one of my strongest qualities, and I think it is imperative that all counselors possess this quality. Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes definitely helps you understand them better. After watching Multicultural and human growth and development considerations, I began to think of times in my life when I was made to feel like the â€Å"other.† The first time that I can remember feeling like this was when I learned that I had to attend pre-first. I went to a private school for Kindergarten, and at the end of that year, I was accepted to Nova elementary school. However, because of when my birthday falls, it was recommended that I go into pre-first, and first grade the following year. I remember telling my friends who started to make fun of me, by calling me slow or stupid, because I was not going directly into first grade. I felt like an outcast, and I felt like maybe they were sending me to pre-first because I was slow. Of course, my family assured me I was not, but being five years old, I would not hear it. I think this took a toll on my self esteem, and as I think back to elementary, middle, and high school I not only excelled in most subjects, I was place d in the gifted program after taking the test in second grade. I am not sure if the bullying made me try harder in school, either to prove those kids wrong, or just to prove to myself that I was not slow or stupid. I am not a bully, and I did not pick on people when I was younger, because I know how badly it can make someone feel. This quality has stayed with me throughout my adult life, and I would never do anything to someone else that would intentionally hurt their feelings or make them feel bad about themselves. It is important to realize how different we all are, and that everyone has their strengths and weaknesses, and no one should ever try to make someone else feel bad because of those differences or weaknesses. It is important to always think about where the other person is coming from and not just the way you see a situation. We all look at life through different lenses, and keeping that in mind helps us understand others. Based on the results of the self-assessment, I saw a few areas I could improve in. I need to try and be comfortable asking questions until I fully understand what others are trying to convey, rather than just making assumptions. While I am very comfortable expressing my own opinion and interacting with people who are unlike me in some ways, I could improve my efforts to talk to Self Self-contained Breathing Apparatus and Firefighter Essay Melanie Crumbaugh Mr. Tyban A8101 6 June 2014 Firefighting General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose: To teach my audience that firefighters are equipped with certain firefighter gear to help them to accomplish their tasks. Central Idea: Having the right firefighter tools and equipment can dramatically increase the level of a firefighters safety. Introduction: From the moment the tones drop firefighters have minutes to prepare. In addition to fighting actual fires, Firefighters must come in contact with smoke, water, collapsing floors, hot embers, and falling objects. Firefighters wear a full range of personal protective equipment to keep themselves safe on the job. This basic protection equipment consists of boots, pants, coat, helmet, a self-contained breathing apparatus, and gloves. Transition: The first thing a Firefighter puts on are specific boots. Body I.) Steel toed insulated rubber boots. a.) Waterproof firefighting boots are thick, natural rubber boots with rubber soles that function well on wet surfaces. b.) They have handles at the top to help pull them on. c.) The boots come up just below the knee. Transition: As you can see the pants are rolled over the boots so they can both be put on in one fluent motion. II.) Three distinct layers for coat and pants. a.) The most important of the gear is the thermal liner because it takes the biggest impact on thermal protection and heat stress reduction. b.) The next layer is the moisture barrier. These two layers account for 75% of the thermal protection performance of the gear. c.) The last layer is the outer shell and its purpose is to protect the inner components of the gear from water, chemicals, and viral agents. d) The pants and coats are lined with reflective stripes to help them be seen e) The coat is also equipped with DRD or drag rescue device, which in an instance where a firefighter goes down the built in harness on the coat can be pulled to help drag a downed firefighter out. Transition: The only thing the fire gear doesn’t cover is the head and neck, but this is where the nomax hood comes in. III.) Nomax hood a.) Can be worn under the hard hat as a protection against flame and electrical arcs. c.) It protects the firefighters neck and head that the gear doesn’t cover. Transition: In a fire, to protect their head from falling debris, a Firefighter must wear a helmet. IV.) Helmet a.) Helmet protects the head from falling objects or debris, which usually occur in burnt buildings. b.) You can also identify the rank of firefighter based on the color of the helmet. c.) The helmet is also equipped with a shield that is used for eye

Sunday, October 20, 2019

pseudonym - definition and examples in English

pseudonym - definition and examples in English Definition A pseudonym  (also called a pen name) is a fictitious name assumed by an individual to conceal his or her identity. Adjective: pseudonymous. Writers who use pseudonyms do so for a variety of reasons. For instance, J.K. Rowling, renowned author of the Harry Potter novels, published her first crime novel (The Cuckoos Calling, 2013) under the  pseudonym Robert Galbraith. It has been wonderful to  publish without hype or  expectation, Rowling said when her identify was revealed. American author Joyce Carol Oates (who has also published novels under the pseudonyms Rosamond Smith and Lauren Kelly) notes that theres something wonderfully liberating, even childlike, about a pen-name: a fictitious name given to the instrument with which you write, and not attached to you (The Faith of a Writer, 2003). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AllonymName That -nymNicknameProper Name EtymologyFrom the Greek, false name   Examples and Observations Imprisoned for political offenses under Louis XV, Francois Marie Arouet changed his name to Voltaire in order to make a fresh start as a writer. The Rev. C. L. Dodgson used the pseudonym Lewis Carroll because he thought it beneath the dignity of a clergyman and a mathematician to write a book like Alice in Wonderland. Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot) and Lucile-Aurore Dupin (George Sand) used mens names because they felt women authors were discriminated against in the 19th century.(Fool-the-Squares. Time, December 15, 1967)Gender and PseudonymsPublishing under male and a-gendered  pseudonyms  was one way in which women writers made their work public, defied social convention, yet also became honorary men in their own day. The Brontà «Ã‚  sisters, George Eliot and even Louisa May Alcott published under pseudonyms. . . . [S]ubmitting work for publication under male or ambiguously gendered pseudonyms afforded  the anonymity necessary to have work judged by its literary merit, rather than on grounds of  gender  difference.(Lizbeth Goodman, with Kasia Boddy and Elaine Showalter, Prose Fiction, Form and Gender.  Literature and Gender, ed. by  Lizbeth Goodman. Routledge, 1996) Alan SmitheeAlan Smithee is probably the most famous pseudonym, invented by the Directors Guild for directors who are so unsatisfied with a studio or producers meddling with their film that they dont think it reflects their creative vision anymore. The first movie to use it was Death of a Gunfighter in 1969, and it has since been used dozens of times.(Gabriel Snyder, Whats in a Name? Slate, January 2, 2007)Pseudonyms of Stephen King and Ian RankinThe hyper-fecund Stephen King wrote as Richard Bachman . . . (until he killed Bachman off, citing cancer of the pseudo-nym as the cause of death). Ian Rankin found himself in a similar spot in the early 1990s, when he was bursting with ideas, but with a publisher wary of putting out more than one book a year. Along came Jack Harveynamed for Jack, Rankins first son, and Harvey, his wifes maiden name.(Jonathan Freedland, Whats in a Pseudonym? The Guardian, March 29, 2006)Pseudonyms and PersonaeA writer may sometimes assume a persona, not simpl y a different name, and publish a work under the guise of that persona. Washington Irving thus took on the character of a Dutch author named Diedrich Knickerbocker for his famous History of New York, while Jonathan Swift published Gullivers Travels as if he actually was Lemuel Gulliver, and described himself in the novels full title as first a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships. The original edition even had a portrait of the fictional author, aged 58.(Adrian Room, Dictionary of Pseudonyms: 13,000 Assumed Names and Their Origins. McFarland, 2010) bell hooks, Pseudonym of American Author Gloria Jean WatkinsOne of the many reasons I chose to write using the pseudonym bell hooks, a family name (mother to Sarah Oldham, great-grandmother to me), was to construct a writer-identity that would challenge and subdue all impulses leading me away from speech into silence. I was a young girl buying bubble gum at the corner store when I first really heard the full name bell hooks. I had just talked back to a grown person. Even now I can recall the surprised look, the mocking tones that informed me I must be kin to bell hooksa sharp-tongued woman, a woman who spoke her mind, a woman who was not afraid to talk back. I claimed this legacy of defiance, of will, of courage, affirming my link to female ancestors who were bold and daring in their speech. Unlike my bold and daring mother and grandmother, who were not supportive of talking back, even though they were assertive and powerful in their speech, bell hooks as I discovered, claimed, and i nvented her was my ally, my support.(bell hooks, Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. South End Press, 1989) Pronunciation: SOOD-eh-nim

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Human Resource Management Master Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management Master - Assignment Example Another aspect of the selection that may raise expectations is an unintended consequence of its recruitment process. A rigorous recruitment process can have two unintended outcomes. If the recruitment is competitive, it can create a feeling that those who are selected are truly terrific and valued. It can help build a positive self-image if the on-the-job experiences confirm that feeling. It can set the recruits up for disillusionment, however, if their on-the-job experiences do not confirm the self-image created through the recruitment process; it can make them feel that they are not valued. Similarly, by focusing on expectations as a key component in the decision to join a particular organizational workplace, we come to know that when a person chooses between alternative jobs, the choice is affected by the degree to which desired outcomes are likely to be realised. These desired outcomes may be interesting and challenging work, autonomy, responsibility, importance of work, competent boss, and a certain level of salary. The Program creates expectations by advertising training opportunities, rotational assignments, career planning, quick promotions, access to high-level officials, and opportunities for networking as features of the internship. In addition, they are believed to have expectations about the amount of challenge, responsibility, participation, meaningfulness of work, and opportunities to make a difference. Conversely, they are more likely to leave if their expectations are not met. Expectations may be influenced by prior work experiences. Those who have littl e prior work experience may have a more idealized view of what work will be like, and therefore have more unrealistic expectations than those who have at least some work experience. The good point is that expectations may be more implicit than explicit. The interviews reveal vagueness about expectations; it seems not a frame of reference for many of the interviewees. They possess goals, hopes, or desires about what they want from their work experience but it they are not framed in terms of expectations. Expectancy theory may work best for those who clearly thought about what they wanted and weighed their alternatives and the probabilities of having the experiences they desired. The expectancy model also assumes that people behave rationally in situations where their expectations are not met. When confronted with unmet expectations, the rational response, according to the theory, is to seek new employment that will more likely meet their expectations. However, it appears that not all people seek new employment under those circumstances. None of the interviewees who expressed great dissatisfaction with their current jobs are actively seeking other employment. So, at this point the best HR department does is the analysis of expectations and make decisions of recruitment while analyse candidate's intentions and future plans. While critically analysing the do's and don'ts of a human resource in any organisation, assessment is aimed at determining what are working and what is not working and identifying resource gaps and redundancies. (2006a) Finding employees Recruiting today is taken a lot more seriously

Capital punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capital punishment - Essay Example Justice has been served. But this was before civilization knew about this thing called criminal justice system within a democratic government. Today, we have laws that define crimes and their penalties as well as the procedure for ascertaining the guilt or innocence of the accused. No less than the Fifth Amendment guarantees that, â€Å"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury†¦nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. In this view, I submit that capital punishment should be abolished. Death as a penalty for a crime has no place in a country that prides itself as the bastion of democracy and the grand protector of life and liberty throughout the world. Killing a person is not just a crime. It is wrong. It does not matter if the killer is a deranged individual or a government intoxicated in its immense power to take the life of another person. Capital punis hment is killing.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Communicating Effectively Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communicating Effectively - Research Paper Example In addition, the patterns depicted within the cross-sex communication frequently display the mean both men and female engage interpersonally. Regarding conflict conditions, the underlying contrasting behaviors amidst the prevailing sexes is extremely evident. Conflict is a common component of the entire associations and corresponding means of tackling crucially to the basic survival of the associations (Stone, 112). This paper discusses the conflict-handling styles in males and females and the implications of these techniques for supervisors. Communication is a procedure that entails sharing information amidst personalities via existing conventional system of the prevailing symbols and behavior. In addition, the mean through which populace frequently communicate relies on their gender (Robbins, Deenzo & Wolter, 50). Communication is an element of everyday life in which conflict is cumbersome to eliminate. Conflict is frequently developed when populace shares diverse beliefs concerning particular issues. Numerous factors determine what individuals believe, and they play an influential role in people’s opinions, consequently influencing their course of action. For this reason, there is a discernable difference between the conflict handling styles between males and females. Both genders communicate in diverse means by that making them initiate interpersonal communication in times of disputes. In the book, ‘Men are From Mars and Women are From Venus,’ John Gray (2004) says Men and women expect their men to feel, engage via communication to their actions. People forget that both genders are unique. Thus, their engagement is full of unnecessary misunderstanding and disagreements. The gender differences in conflict management originate from the gender-based tendencies that are rooted in a person’s childhood. Females depict a relational style of engagement, which entails expressing point of views, relations and offering a relatively larger proportion

Why teachers salary should increase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why teachers salary should increase - Essay Example While education takes up most of the childhood and teenage years, it benefits the whole adult life of a person. While education could really, and actually, happen anywhere, formal education within school settings is what really provides an individual with ammunition later on in life. One cannot disregard the significance of education in life. In fact, in today’s world, an individual is disregarded if without education. Education is not only there to increase one’s knowledge, but also to shape one’s character. It develops the rational aspect of a human being. Now, when one talks about education, one cannot help but think about teachers. This is because education is a teacher-driven industry. Without teachers, education will not be possible (Vedder 17-8). The important status of the teaching profession is the main reason why teachers’ salary should be increased. A higher salary for teachers would mean that existing teachers would feel more inspired as they g o about their daily teaching routine (Mishel and Roy 69). It could also mean that the teaching industry will be more able to attract the best and the brightest minds (Cunningham and Sperry 38). It will also mean that more potential teachers will be inclined to give the career more consideration, which could decrease teaching shortage (Vedder 7). More Inspiration for Teachers Work is all about motivation. While many people will say that a career is based on what one wants to do, at the end of the day, one would hope that what one wants to do is also something that would put food on the table, roof over the heads, and clothes on the back. In addition, it is not asking too much to include a reliable car to make lives easier, along with extra funds to indulge into leisure moments occasionally. It is true that several teachers are able to afford all these things without problems, but one cannot really claim that these things are acquired without many problems (Mishel and Roy 71-2). The t eaching profession should be able to offer such a salary that could at least ensure noble teachers that they could provide education to individuals without enduring a profession that will make them sacrifice some of their personal needs and wants. It is a well-accepted fact that motivated workers are more productive in their jobs. While this is not to say that money is the only source of motivation, removing the barrier of money issues would certainly help a lot in alleviating the situation of people involved in such â€Å"thankless† jobs (Mishel and Roy 75-6). Attracting the Best and the Brightest Minds Everyone has heard a story somewhere of a teacher who has left the profession to enter the corporate world, and the biggest reason stated has always been better paychecks. This is especially true among highly effective and intelligent teachers in the industry. It is understandable that people who have a big potential to really make it big in the better-paying corporate world would be enticed to switch professions. This is coupled by the additional attraction that corporate jobs could be less stressful, where one does not have to take the work back home. If teachers feel that their efforts are being recognized in the paychecks, there would be lesser chances of job switch. Furthermore, it could lessen, if not remove, the connotation that teaching is a thankless career. To do so could attract more brilliant students into the teaching industry (Cunningham and Sperry 38-9). This is not to say, though, that only average people are attracted to get into teaching. However, one cannot disregard the possibility that many highly effective and brilliant individuals who want to get into teaching would settle for better-paying jobs instead, even though they want to teach (Cunningham and S

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Math problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Math problems - Speech or Presentation Example Any negative value will be also inappropriate. 2. Examine the rise in gasoline prices from 1997 to 2006. The price of regular unleaded gasoline in January 1997 was $1.26, and in January 2006, the price of regular unleaded gasoline was $2.31 (â€Å"Consumer price index,† 2006). Use the coordinates (1997, 1.26) and (2006, 2.31) to find the slope, or rate of change, between the two points. Describe how you arrived at your answer. represents an estimate of the average cost of gas for year x starting in 1997 (â€Å"Consumer price index,† 2006). The year 1997 would be represented by x = 1, for example, because it is the first year in the study. Similarly, 2005 would be year 9, or x = 9. I expect the lines to be intersecting (or close to parallel) because there will be difference in average cost of gasoline each year and the price of gasoline in January of each year due to fluctuation of

Proposal for martin college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal for martin college - Essay Example Film and TV is a field that is full of entertainment. It consists of music, drama and films of course. The foundation may prove to be useful for students who possess strong acting or singing skills. This course is purely based on arts and it may also provide opportunities of recreational activities for the students. Main objectives. The prime objective of this proposal is to create an environment that promotes the talent of different countries and to interest those who are attracted to the film world. This course may also release some of the academic pressure from the students as they can come and relax themselves by singing or doing a little drama. This course may also polish the talent of those students who are already in this field and also want to opt for it as their career. Another major objective is to encourage those international students, especially from Asia and Singapore, who are reluctant because they are not able to find a right course for them. The proposal will also cr eate job opportunities, local or international, which is a good indicator. This course is purely based on arts and it may also provide opportunities of recreational activities for the students. Benefits.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Math problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Math problems - Speech or Presentation Example Any negative value will be also inappropriate. 2. Examine the rise in gasoline prices from 1997 to 2006. The price of regular unleaded gasoline in January 1997 was $1.26, and in January 2006, the price of regular unleaded gasoline was $2.31 (â€Å"Consumer price index,† 2006). Use the coordinates (1997, 1.26) and (2006, 2.31) to find the slope, or rate of change, between the two points. Describe how you arrived at your answer. represents an estimate of the average cost of gas for year x starting in 1997 (â€Å"Consumer price index,† 2006). The year 1997 would be represented by x = 1, for example, because it is the first year in the study. Similarly, 2005 would be year 9, or x = 9. I expect the lines to be intersecting (or close to parallel) because there will be difference in average cost of gasoline each year and the price of gasoline in January of each year due to fluctuation of

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

What is the Ideal Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

What is the Ideal Job - Essay Example In some organizations, the employee is forced to work independently and is unable to build social connections with others in their environment. The high level of independent demands, such as meeting short deadlines, do not give the employee any free time to find out about their colleagues’ lives, desires, principles or values. An ideal job has the manager making efforts to build more teamwork and builds opportunities for group meetings so all employees can come to know one another. These efforts build better social belonging to help the employee gain colleague support, a very important emotional need to find the right amount of personal and professional happiness. The ideal job considers the importance of giving employees a sense of security. In many businesses, it is common to outsource to foreign countries as a means of saving costs. It is also common for businesses to try to merge job roles to reduce the number of workers currently on the payroll. Not all jobs are free of t he risk of job loss through layoffs and consolidation especially when staff members are having their jobs sent overseas to low-paying labor environments. An ideal job has the manager reinforcing that their job will not be lost to outsourcing or blending of job roles. Security should be provided by the manager in the form of bonus structures to improve motivation and this shows that the business will try hard to retain their employees. Providing security fulfills an emotional need in the employee and reduces anxiety or constant worry that they will suddenly be without a paycheck or forced to look for a different job. In ideal job works to build self-esteem and self-confidence in the employee. It is one where decision-making is shared through the entire organization and does not just come from high ranking officials.  

Monday, October 14, 2019

Citizenship - Account of activity during work experience Essay Example for Free

Citizenship Account of activity during work experience Essay My Citizenship coursework will be based on the rights and responsibilities of employees and their employers in the workplace. The aim of the coursework is to produce a report explaining the health and safety rules on my work experience placement. This is a citizenship activity because it looks closely at important rights. It will also look at my roles, and those of others, during the activity. I have chosen my work experience place because this will give me the opportunity to get an experience and will make me or introduce me to the world and get vital points on how to develop my life skills towards working. The placement that I have been given is not close to my house but I am willing to work hard and grab this opportunity. I am also interested in the financial market and promoting of products and Ill learn from this. I went for my work experience to Comet Stores. My work experience was for a two week period staring on the 6th of June 2005 and ending on the 16th of June 2005. The area that I was allocated for the work experience was in Fosse Park, which is near the outer ring of the city near to the motorways. Comet Stores is a well-known brand, which sells household electronic devices. The placement that I was in was the biggest store in the city. The complex comprised of two floors namely the sales floor (which was the first floor) and the warehouse, which was the second floor. Before attending the work placement I had to phone up and book an interview with the manager in charge of the store. A week after the phone call was the date of my interview. In the interview I was told the basics about the company such as start and finish times, the dress code and passwords to enter the staff room. I was told that at the first day of my work experience I would be told in more detail about my individual and team tasks. At the start of the first day of my work experience I was feeling anxious as well as nervous. This was the first time I would be entering a working environment. At the start of the day I was taken by the manager for an assembly. I was told to report to the designated area where each person would be given a briefing each morning. A gentleman named Chris was to look after me for the first day. He was in charge of the warehouse stock and was very helpful. He gave me some advice and told me many people have visited the store for work experience and that the store will challenge my ability individually and with a team. The manager had told Chris to take me to the boardroom where I was shown Health and Safety videos that were made by the store. After each key fact Chris would explain to me what it meant, how it concerned the store and asked me if I had any questions. I was also given additional leaflets on Health and safety in the building such as the fire exits and where the fire extinguishes were. I was given a wide range of activities during work experience. The main task I was given for the first few days was to pack and check the shelves. This consisted of me checking the availability of the stock, ordering the stock from the warehouse if it had run out and then packing the shelves with the item. I was also given the chance to analyze the security system of the work place and told how to alarm and disable the alarm system. I was put on my first test with this task, as I had to wire all the flat screen monitors in a sequence to alarm the security if any person may try to take the item. I had noticed as the days went on the store gave me different and more tasks to do which would challenge my ability. I was promoted to assisting the sales staff and to analyze the way in how the sales person would work. This task was to communicate with the public and gave a lot of confidence. I was also placed in the warehouse where I was given a lot of responsibility. I was asked to check the stock, the handling of goods, taking orders and also using the elevator belt, which I was given a Health and Safety guide to. The elevator belt could go upward towards the warehouse and when giving items to the sales floor going downwards. Special buttons were needed for this and great care was needed. All the staff members assisted me but as I was put on different jobs there was different staff members that would help me. As I was on the warehouse level the elevator belt had suddenly come to a halt. As I was not a technician I had asked from a member of staff from the warehouse level. He kindly came and tried to help me but could not fix the problem. As a result he sent a technician to come and assist. The problem was sorted and both members of staff assisted me when I asked for some help. Whilst on the placement I had learnt a lot about rights and responsibility of employers and their employees. I was given a sheet, which told me all the rights.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Misuse of power by health care professionals

Misuse of power by health care professionals This assignment will discuss the potential for professional misuse of power by health care professionals when working with vulnerable group. This assignment will mainly be focusing on age care residents as a vulnerable group and why they are at a potential risk of misuse of power by health care professionals as well as what strategies are put into affect to address the overall situation and to prevent this from happening in the future, as well as outline legislation and professional codes of conduct involved with client care of this group. Age care residents suffer from a range of different illnesses which puts them in a high risk of being vulnerable, abused from people that are providing care for these residents. Elderly abuse is a wide spread concern throughout Australia in particular age care facilities, no one really knows how many elderly residents are abused each year as this form of abuse goes unreported. Elderly residents can be abused by health care professionals that are providing care. There are many forms of abuse which can be intentional (both physically and mentally) or unintentional (lack of knowledge, inexperience or inability to provide good care). According to (agedcarecrisis, 2008) there is physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse exploitation, abandonment, neglect, emotional and psychological abuse, and financial abuse. These types of abuse towards the elderly vary in reason, as of now there has been little public and professional awareness/knowledge regarding elderly abuse and neglect. More of ten then not victims are hidden from the public view (World Health Organisation 2002). Over the years social attitudes and negative stereotyping of elderly people have led to a lack of knowledge of how the real situation of this problem is. Sometimes the elderly victim may not say anything because they feel ashamed that the abuse is happening, and may also fear retribution from the health care professional that are caring for them. Sometimes symptoms and signs may be over looked and recognized as part of the aging process. There are a number of reasons why elderly residents are neglected or abused in age care facilities by heath care professionals this due to unqualified and insufficient staffing. Often when staff members dont have the proper training then there is a very serious problem in regards to duty of care for these elderly residents which then can lead to neglect and abuse (agedcarecrisis 2008). Nursing home abuse can happen due to these major factors, staff members working longer hours then they should and sometimes are overworked, underpaid and not having enough benefits, staff more often then not feel frustrated with elderly residents that are being hostile and defiant, and staff in a hurry to get home after a long day. Neglect is a form of elderly abuse which can be associated with the failure or refusal to any part of a staff members obligations or duties to a nursing home resident. Neglect and abuse in nursing homes may include the failure to provide basic life necessities which in this case are food, water, clothing, shelter, personal hygiene, medication, comfort, personal safety, and other basic life necessities which is a agreed upon responsibility to providing duty of care to all nursing home resident(agedcarecrisis 2008). The majority of elderly residents want to be cared for by health care professionals that are helpful and treat them with kindness respect and dignity, more often then not the elderly residents are bombarded with excuses of how staff are too busy and are often run off their feet then it is no wonder that elderly residents feel like they are a burden and are quiet reluctant to tell anyone if there is a problem concerning their wellbeing. Health care professionals need to really listen and communicate to the elderly residents so that improvements can be made to ensure that these elderly residents are getting the best care possible. Health care professionals have a legal, moral and ethical obligation to provide duty of care for all elderly residents that are residing in an age care facility (agedcarecrisis 2008). The user rights principle 1997 made under the age care act 1997 includes a charter of residents rights and responsibilities. The charter details the rights and responsibility of all residents including personal, civil, legal and consumer rights. The charter also outlines residents responsibilities in relation to other residents, staff and the residential age care service community as a whole.(Agedcarecrisis 2008) The care standards act 2000 includes requirements that refer in some way to the protection of the elderly in nursing home facilities to gain a thorough insight into legislation that, Governs how nursing home work is preformed. There other legislation that governs the protection of elderly abuse is as follows: human rights act 1998, data protection act 1984, and mental health act 1993-2000 (Pooley P, 2006).According to the (Age care standards and accreditation agency ltd 2010) there are forty-four standards that all age care facilities must abide by at all times. If these standards are not met the accreditation period can be reduced or revoked. The agency then can refer all serious allegations to the Department of health and ageing for further investigation. The department then can take further action if necessary if it finds standards of care, accommodation are not being met by Government subsidized age care homes or also by approved providers (Department of health and ageing, agedca re Australia 2007). The first three of the four accreditation standards are, continuous improvement- were the organization actively pursues improvement, regulatory compliance- the organizations management has systems in place to identify and ensure compliance with all relevant legislation, regulatory requirements, professional standards and guidelines, education and staff development management and staff have appropriate knowledge and skills to perform their roles effectively. These standards are intentional to enhance the quality of performance under all accreditation standards; it provides opportunities for improvements in all aspects of service delivery and is essential of overall quality (department of health and aging 2010) According to the (Department of health and aging 2010) The Aged Care Education and Training Incentive (ACETI) program will provide incentive payments to eligible aged care workers who undertake specified education and training programs. In 2010-11 budget, the Australian government provided $59.9 million over four years for a national incentive program that will provide payments to eligible aged care workers who undertake further studies to enhance their career as a personal care worker, an enrolled nurse or a registered nurse. This Australian Government (Department of health and aging 2010) programs supporting individuals in the Aged Care Workforce, The Support for Aged Care Training (SACT) Program funds aged care workers training, associated travel and accommodation costs and backfilling of staff attending training in smaller aged care homes in rural and remote locations of Australia. A pioneering trial that allows workers to gain NVQ in record time has reported excellent results. Instead of the twelve month period that was allocated, care workers could now gain their NVQ within a month. The staffs of BUPA care homes were among those taking part, and according to the results the new more intensive program has more to offer the care sectors. In addition to high levels of learner satisfaction some ninety-four percent of all care workers who took part completed their training successfully, a figure which compares very favorably with the industry average rate of just sixty-seven percent (Pooley, P, 2006). The intensive course covered Training in areas such as health, care and hygiene as well as providing instruction on a range of practical task such as moving and handling. Following the success of this training the Government plans to re-launch the National Employer Training Scheme, later this year under the banner Train to gain. This form of training has been welcomed by experts. This is more an effective way of learning and more time is spent with their tutor then in the past said Trina Mumby of the National Employer Service. The results speak for themselves under this new program, care assistants are far more likely to successfully complete qualifications and retain what they have learnt. Mark walker, health safety and training manager for BUPA said the dedication of our people is the most important factor in delivering high quality care tailored to our residents individual needs, thats why we invest heavily in training and development (Pooley, P, 2006). still throughout the care industry as a whole, training and skills has been something of a problem area, with many employers citing the many difficulties involved in recruiting and retaining good quality, well trained staff. If new initiatives such as the intensive one month NVQ can be made to be successful on a larger scale there is potential for multiple benefits for all involved in the sector. Employers can also benefit who are well trained and motivated as well as likely to remain in their jobs thus relieving the recruitment problems experienced by many care home managers (Pooley, P, 2006), However perhaps the most vital difference is that the patients themselves enjoy being looked after by staff that are skilled enough to provide them with high standards of care in their choice of home. While the government focusing increasingly on improving standards, the new program looks like a good thing for all concerned. In conclusion this assignment has tried to hopefully explain how health care professionals misuse of power can affect then people that they are looking after and in this case it happens to be the elderly residents in age care facilities that suffer. All health care professionals need to understand and respect residents /clients rights. Being in a position that gives this kind of power over other people can not be taken too lightly, however in some cases this is what exactly happens. There are legislations that govern the protection of elderly abuse, human rights act 1998, data protection act 1984, and mental health act 1993-2000. The charter of residents rights under the age care act of 1997 outlines the rights and responsibilities of all residents which include their civil, legal and consumer, rights and a further description of the charter of residents rights can be seen on the Department of health and aging website. All age care facilities can be accredited by the age care standar ds and accreditation agency for up to three years. More ongoing workplace training and in-services are need within the age care facilities to enable health care professionals to gain valuable knowledge and skills which will then lead to better health care service delivery. Residents in age care facilities dont want to feel like they are a burden to the health care professionals that are caring for them instead they want to feel like they can talk to someone when there is a problem. Health care professionals have a duty of care and a huge responsibility to look after and protect residents form any forms of abuse it is a legal ethical and moral obligation that has been entrusted to all who work as health care professional. Any form of abuse is a breach of personal, civil, legal, and consumer rights according to the charter of residents rights. Abuse and neglect is the failure to provide basic life necessities which includes food, water, clothing, shelter, personal hygiene, medications, comfort, personal safety, and other life necessiti es which is agreed upon responsibility by health care professionals ensuring duty of care is provide to all nursing home residents . There are a number of reasons of why age care residents are abused, staff working longer hours, being overworked, underpaid, not enough benefits, feeling frustrated towards aggressive residents, and in a hurry to get home after a long day. There are number of reasons why residents are often abused but the most common ones are the lack of understanding and knowledge, unqualified, insufficient staffing or staff not properly trained this is when problems can and will occur. The elderly are still human-being that have wants and needs like the rest of the population and would like to fit in with the rest of society just like everyone else instead of being isolated and forgotten.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Arbitrary Defused Incitement :: essays research papers

Arbitrary Defused Incitement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Dan Greenburg’s â€Å"Sound and Fury† a decent point is made from looking at a situation that could possibly become violent. The narrator suggests that people carry a large amount of â€Å"free-floating anger,† which generates within them, ready for use at any point in time; waiting for the slightest hint of incitement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lee, a stand-up comedian, is first introduced by the narrator, who tags along with Lee where he will be the â€Å"emcee† of the night, but right before he is to go on stage a group of drunk young guys chants for a comedian they feel is the greatest, Rusty. Before he even got up to the stage, the young men were ready to cheer on for Rusty, and despite all the exertion he finally gave it up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the narrator begins to talk with him and soothe the ailments of his suffrage some of the â€Å"inebriated young men† began to trickle in and eventually noticed Lee. As events heightened a young man thought that he would want to do something about their chanting and later stepped forward closer to Lee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The total focus started to rest entirely upon the two men â€Å"going through the motion, doing the dance,† while also the bar’s energy of aggression steadily increased with the engagement itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was from a simple measure of conversation that the situation was disabled. When Lee asked how â€Å"the guy† of his well-being it initiated a broad topic capable of going anywhere. Then Lee nonchalantly asks what the young man was in town for, and gets an everyday answer that it was his birthday. So Lee after thinking about it threw out his hand and told him â€Å"Happy birthday.† The situation that was once so potentially volatile now was resolved completely by

Friday, October 11, 2019

Why I do it

It was a freezing cold morning in Farnham. I thought to myself ‘Why am I out of bed at this time on a Saturday morning?' My question was answered merely two minutes later as I managed the trick which I have been trying for the last week, a ‘topside sunny day.' ‘Nice man, nice,' was the call from the bench as I looked over at my friend Mark who was giving me the thumbs-up as I came swiftly out of the trick. I skated over to the bench lazily and took a seat next to Sam, Mark and Henri. ‘What time is the comp tomorrow?' I asked them. ‘Nine am bright and early,' replied Sam whilst getting up to skate over to the grindbox and attempt another amazing trick. ‘I know I need practice for the competition but skating at eight o'clock on a Saturday morning in the freezing cold is a bit too much,' I moaned as I put on another jumper. ‘You wanna go street for a bit?' asked Mark as he took off his skate and started fiddling with the laces. ‘Where are we gonna go? The sixth form college is too far, we're not allowed in Lidls and Redgrave rail is still wet from that rain during the night,' I complained. As I said this I was mostly thinking of my stomach, as I hadn't any breakfast yet. ‘You fancy going to Wimpy?' ‘I'm still banned,' said Sam almost proudly as he glided back to the bench having just done a perfect ‘topsoul.' Henri was being strangely quiet and he suddenly stood up, picked up his bag and said ‘well you can wait outside then.' Mark stood up sharply ‘as long as I can get some hot food I'm not bothered where it is.' On the way to Wimpy I thought constantly of the upcoming competition that was getting ever closer. As I imagined what it would be like to have about thirty or forty people stare at me for ten minutes butterflies suddenly came to my stomach and made me feel nervous and uncomfortable. I gripped my bag a little tighter with my freezing fingers and wished I had had the sense to bring the gloves I bought the day before. As I entered Wimpy I could feel the warmth of the deep-fat fryers and hear the voices of the Turkish men who worked there. We took a seat in the smoking section and looked at the menu. ‘Man I hate being able to see pictures of the food on the menu. It just makes it look pathetic when it arrives because it never looks the same,' said Mark miserably. ‘Just decide what you want and order I'm starving,' I told him as I had already decided on a large Wimpy breakfast consisting of sausage, bacon, eggs, tomatoes, beans and toast. ‘Can you add a toasted teacake to that?' I asked the waiter as I gave my order. I wolfed down the breakfast, even though I don't like tomatoes, and lit a cigarette. ‘Is anyone else nervous about the competition tomorrow?' I asked trying to hide the fact that I still had butterflies in my stomach despite having finished my breakfast. ‘No it's not big deal just think of it as another game of IYMTA. It's only really us, Ben, Carl and James that are entering anyway so there's not a lot of competition.' As Mark said this he was lazily puffing on a cigarette and leaning back on his chair. IMYTA is a game that we play where we skate against each other. It stands for I Match Your Trick Association. It is an annual competition involving professional skaters from around the world where one person does a trick and then everyone else has to do the same trick or they are given a letter. When you have all five letters you are out of the game. We played this regularly and hearing Mark put it like that I felt more relaxed about the competition. ‘Yeah I guess,' I replied as I leant back on my chair feeling relaxed for the first time since I heard about the competition. ‘I' m off home to get some sleep, I might come out later on,' I said as I left the restaurant. I skated to the bus stop feeling good and made it just in time to catch the 9:40 bus. When I arrived home I went straight upstairs, undressed and fell into bed. I fell asleep almost instantly as I hadn't had any sleep the previous night and was still tired from school on Friday. I dreamt of the competition. It was a warm, sunny day and it had just started. I smiled as I dropped in on the big ramp to go for my first big trick. I jumped, and as I was flying through the air I grabbed my feet and pulled them behind me then released them and landed perfectly to go up the other ramp and do a perfect 540 degree spin. The crowd was cheering and the judges were going wild. I skated round the entire park and did a 900-degree spin on the biggest ramp. I was about 9 feet in the air and I leant forward too much. My front wheels hit the ramp and I landed on my face. It hurt so much. I heard an ambulance somewhere in the distance but it was distorted somehow. It sounded more and more like a phone ringing. ‘Ian. Ian wake up you have a phone call!' I woke with a start. My heart leapt. It was a dream I realized. I stood up and put on my dressing gown trying to tell myself it was just a dream and that that wouldn't happen. My stomach had butterflies again. I took the phone from my mum. ‘Hello?' I said groggily. ‘What are you still doing in bed? The competition is half an hour away!' said Mark urgently. ‘What?! It's tomorrow stop joking around,' I said as I checked my watch. 3Sun it said. Oh my God I thought. I slept right through. ‘I will be there don't worry,' I mumbled quickly and hung up. I ran upstairs, threw my clothes on and picked my bag up. I half-fell down the stairs in my haste and put my skates on. As I flew down the hill towards Farnham skatepark I had the feeling I had forgotten something important. It was as cold as the previous day but I had no time to be cold. I skated faster. I arrived at the skatepark five minutes later out of breath and threw my bag down. ‘Where have you been?' asked Sam. ‘In bed,' I answered quickly and I went straight to the biggest ramp and started warming up. I was skating quite well, I managed to spin a 540 and land but then I tried to ‘Truespin topside pornstar' and my feet missed the right spot and before I knew what happened I was lying on the floor. I got straight back up and thought to myself ‘this is not going to beat me.' I skated hard for another 15 minutes before the announcer had finished setting up his equipment and announced that the competition was about to start. It was the BMX'S category first so I had a twenty-minute break before I had to skate again. I rolled lazily over to the bench where my friends were sitting, sat down and lit a cigarette. ‘Why do they have to have a BMXers competition anyway?' asked Mark indignantly. ‘There's only five of them.' ‘Because it gives us something to laugh at,' retorted Henri. I couldn't join in their jokes and laughter. I was too busy thinking about the trick I had been working on for two weeks. A bio flip. To do it I had to do sort of a front flip but instead of going over my head and landing forwards, I had to throw myself over my right shoulder and land backwards. I had only tried it twice and never landed it. None of the others knew I had been trying it or that I even planned to attempt it. The BMX competition was cut short because of an injury and the announcer told all the rollerbladers to make their way to the ramps. I hastily threw my cigarette to the floor and skated up the ramp. As I stood at the top of the ramp I looked around at the people in the crowd. There were so many. ‘You have 15 minutes,' came the voice over the speaker. ‘Go!' I jumped into the ramp and immediately went into a four foot high ‘mute grab' over the funbox and neatly stalled on the other ramp. My heart jumped as I went back down the ramp backwards and did a 360 spin over the funbox. I was skating better than I had skated in a long time and I had a moment where my butterflies and doubts had gone and I was just confident. This was it. I dropped in on the smaller ramp and did a 180 spin over the funbox so I could go backwards into the trick. I could see a photographer in the front of the crowd aim his camera at me. I went up the ramp backwards and threw myself as hard as I could over my shoulder. For a second it was like time stood still. I had pulled my legs in so that I was like a ball in the air. I brought my legs back round so I could land near the bottom of the ramp. Suddenly it felt like I was going to spin too much and land on my knees. But somehow I managed to lean back a tiny bit and land on my feet and roll away. The crowd were shouting and the photographer was going mad. I could hear the announcer shouting ‘He's done it, he's done it.' Mark and the others had stopped skating to watch my bio flip but Mark had come over and shook my hand and said ‘nice one.' The others were standing with their mouths open as if they had never seen a bio flip before. Henri skated up to me and said ‘I never thought you would do that.' It suddenly occurred to me as the speakers told me that I had come first that this is why I do it.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Impact of the Internet in Our Life

Available online at www. sciencedirect. com Computers in Human Behavior Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2005–2013 www. elsevier. com/locate/comphumbeh Impact of the Internet on our lives: Male and female personal perspectives Ann Colley *, John Maltby School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK Available online 30 October 2007 Abstract Gender di? erences in Internet access and usage have been found in a number of previous investigations. The study reported here extends this work by providing an analysis of the impact of the Internet on men’s and women’s lives.A content analysis of 200 postings from men and 200 from women, on the topic of ‘‘Has the Internet changed your life’’ invited by a news website, was undertaken then examined for gender di? erences. Results showed more women’s postings mentioned having made new friends or having met their partner, renewin g old friendships, accessing information and advice, studying online, and shopping and booking travel online, while more men’s postings mentioned that the Internet had helped or given them a career, positive socio-political e? ects, and negative aspects of the technology.The results are interpreted as supporting the view that the Internet represents an extension of broader social roles and interests in the ‘‘o? ine’’ world. O 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Internet; Gender; Gender roles; Gender di? erences 1. Introduction ‘‘The Internet is my job, my high street, my supermarket and my international social playground’’ (Female participant 63). Usage of the Internet continues to increase worldwide. In the UK 57% of households now have access, in comparison to 46% four years ago (National Statistics, 2006).The * Corresponding author. Tel. : +44 (0) 116 229 7188; fax: +44 (0) 116 229 7196. E-mail address: [ema il  protected] ac. uk (A. Colley). 0747-5632/$ – see front matter O 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10. 1016/j. chb. 2007. 09. 002 2006 A. Colley, J. Maltby / Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2005–2013 Digital Future Project in the US has found that 78. 6% of Americans went online in 2005, with an accompanying increase in the amount of time spent per week on the Internet (Centre for the Digital Future, 2005).A number of factors have been found to relate to access and use, including socioeconomic variables, demographic variables, and education (e. g. Bimber, 2000; Wasserman & Richmond-Abbott, 2005). One signi? cant area of research over the last decade has investigated the impact of the Internet upon di? erent social groups and inevitably work on gender di? erences has been at the forefront, with concerns about the presence and impact of a ‘‘gender gap’’ in Internet access and usage. A number of investigators (e. g. Sherman e t al. , 2000) have investigated this gender gap in Internet use.Bimber (2000) found gaps in both access and use among US adults, and concluded that, while access di? erences can be accounted for by socioeconomic and other factors that a? ect women and men di? erentially, the gap in use was due at least in part to gender-speci? c factors such as the male stereotype of computers, cultural associations between gender and technology and gendered cognitive and communication preferences. However, there is growing evidence that the gender gap in access is closing or has closed with more women coming online, and that the gap in use of the Internet is still present but may also be closing (e. . Cummings & Kraut, 2002; Ono & Zavodny, 2003; Wasserman & Richmond-Abbott, 2005). There continues to be a gender gap in usage in the UK: the latest ? gures from adults in a nationally representative sample of UK households show that 40% of women had never used the Internet in comparison with 30% of men , and 55% of women had used the Internet within the 3 months prior to the survey in comparison with 65% of men (National Statistics, 2006). In addition, there are further gaps in the frequency and nature of use that appear to remain (Odell, Korgen, Schumacher, &Delucchi, 2000; Ono & Zavodny, 2003; Wasserman & Richmond-Abbott, 2005). One of the issues that was highlighted early on in investigations of the gender gap, concerns the negative e? ect of the link between the Internet and computer technology. This area grew from work on gender di? erences in computer attitudes and use more generally, which showed more negative computer attitudes (Durndell & Thomson, 1997; Whitley, 1997), lower female self-con? dence and higher computer anxiety among females (McIlroy, Bunting, Tierney, & Gordon, 2001; Todman, 2000).The possibility raised in the literature was that girls and women were being discouraged from using the Internet because of its delivery via a computer interface, and because of t he association of the kinds of operations required to interact with it with traditional masculine technology. Indeed, computer attitudes and Internet attitudes have been found to be linked (Liaw, 2002; Schumacher & Morahan-Martin, 2001), and experience using the Internet has been found to predict both (Liaw, 2002). Durndell and Haag (2002) found higher computer self-e? acy, more positive Internet attitudes, longer Internet use and lower computer anxiety among male than female students, and gender was independently linked to Internet experience. Similarly, Joiner et al. (2005) found that a signi? cant relationship between gender and use of the Internet remained, after controlling for Internet identi? cation and Internet anxiety. This may be due to a number of other factors, and Joiner et al. suggest that self-e? cacy and expectancy of success may be fruitful areas to pursue. In addition, it seems that there are di? erential e? cts of experience upon anxiety in using the technology am ong men and women: Broos (2005) found that experience decreased anxiety among men but had little e? ect for women. Alongside investigations of the gender gap in use of the Internet, there is a growing body of research on di? erences in the use of the Internet for di? erent functions by males A. Colley, J. Maltby / Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2005–2013 2007 and females. This is a crucial area to pursue in order to understand the gender gap, since amount of use is inextricably linked to the functions erformed and the bene? ts of them for an individual. The number of potential functions of the Internet is very substantial and the activities are diverse. The current top Internet activities in the US are e-mail (top), general sur? ng, access to news, shopping, reading entertainment news, ? nding information about hobbies, online banking, accessing medical information, instant messaging and accessing information about and booking travel (Center for the Digital Future, 200 5).The available evidence points to variations in exploiting these functions of the Internet by its male and female users: women are more likely to regard it as a tool or means to an end, while men regard it as technology to play with and master (Singh, 2001; Turkle, 1984). For example, Tsai and Lin (2004) found gender di? erences in perceptions of the Internet among adolescents: males perceived its use as a source of enjoyment or ‘‘toy’’, while females took a more practical approach and perceived it as a ‘‘tool’’, ‘‘technology’’ or ‘‘tour’’ (providing the ability to navigate around di? rent sites and people). One area of Internet use that has attracted attention among investigators is interpersonal communication. This is due to the association of functions facilitated by electronic communication with the expressive and communal aspects of femininity, such as the potential for use in self-expression and the facility to communicate readily with family and friends. Thus, it was expected that women might engage with the Internet for such purposes, despite having lower self-e? cacy in relation to computer use.Jackson, Ervin, Gardner and Schmidt (2001) predicted that women would use e-mail more and men use the Web for information more, based on the greater interpersonal orientation of women and greater task orientation of men. This prediction was supported in a large sample of Anglo-American undergraduates, even after computer self-e? cacy, loneliness and depression were controlled for. Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott (2005) found that women use e-mail slightly but not signi? cantly more than men but that men use chat rooms more. A similar ? nding was obtained by Sherman et al. 2000) who found higher participation in chat groups among men, but higher e-mail use among women, and these di? erences remained among successive cohorts of students in the late 1990s, despi te generally higher use of the Internet. Women’s preference for e-mail and men’s for chat rooms re? ects the di? erent purposes of the two types of communication: e-mail facilitates personal contact with friends and family, while chat rooms can be anonymous and provide an arena for the display of power di? erentials present in society more generally (Wasserman & Richmond-Abbott, 2005). There are some null ? dings with respect to gender di? erences in e-mail use (e. g. Joiner et al. , 2005; Schumacher & Morahan-Martin, 2001), but methodological di? erences between studies may account for such disparities. With respect to other uses of the Internet, there is evidence that some of these too are gendered. Men are more likely to use game web sites (Joiner et al. , 2005; Sherman et al. , 2000; Weiser, 2000), download material (Joiner et al. , 2005; Teo & Lim, 2000), browsing or seek specialist information (Jackson et al. , 2001; Joiner et al. , 2005; Teo & Lim, 2000; Weiser, 2000). These ? dings provide additional support for the notion that men’s use of the Internet is more task-oriented than women’s, and the tendency for women to use e-mail more accords with their greater interpersonal orientation (Jackson et al. , 2001). They also support the male ‘‘toy’’ versus female ‘‘tool’’ distinction (Tsai & Lin, 2004). The research literature on gender and the Internet suggests that gender stereotypes play a powerful role in this as in other areas of human activity. Sherman et al. (2000) concluded 2008 A. Colley, J. Maltby / Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2005–2013 hat we need to appreciate that ‘‘online behaviors and attitudes are extensions of o? ine social processes and relationships’’ (p. 893). If that is the case, what impact has the Internet had on the everyday lives of the men and women who use it? With respect to women, Morahan-Martin (2000) concl uded that it has brought both promise and peril. The perils are an inevitable consequence of the features that empower – freedom of expression and free access to information, since these also permit the ampli? cation of behaviors and perspectives that support the gendered power di? rential. What has been its impact upon men? Is the Internet just another arena in which gender is performed? The empirical research reviewed here has focused upon usage and patterns of usage, rather than impact from the point of view of the user. The purpose of the data analysis reported here is to provide a picture of the impact of the Internet on the everyday lives of men and women. 2. Method 2. 1. Participants and data collection On 24th July 2006, the BBC News website posted a topic for discussion on its ‘‘Have Your Say’’ discussion section (http://news. bbc. co. k/1/hi/talking_point/default. stm), with the title ‘‘Has the Internet changed your life? â€⠄¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The invitation issued to prospective contributors was to post personal stories about life in the digital age and how the Internet has changed their lives. The majority of contributors to this site used names rather than pseudonyms. There were substantially more postings from men, but the site was monitored until there were 200 postings from female contributors, then these together, with 200 postings randomly selected from among the male contributors were downloaded for analysis.The sample came from approximately 1200 postings during the period 24th July and 4th August. Selection for analysis was only undertaken if the name of the contributor was unambiguously male or female. The majority of the postings (92%) gave the town or country of origin, with 48% of the total postings being from the UK, 25% from the US and Canada, 7% from mainland Europe, and the remainder from the rest of the World. 2. 2. Data coding A content analysis was undertaken to derive category frequencie s for analysis.Coding was undertaken based upon content categories derived both from the existing literature and from a sample of the postings. These categories were: 1. Easy and cheap contact with family and friends (through e-mail, instant messaging etc. ) 2. Made new friends (through chat room, discussion forum, etc. ) 3. Renewed contact with old friends/family 4. Met partner/spouse (through chat rooms, dating sites etc. ) 5. International news sites 6. General information acquisition/research 7. Therapeutic/medical advice 8.Support for those with access/mobility problems 9. Entertainment (music, radio, movies, games, hobbies) 10. Travel booking A. Colley, J. Maltby / Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2005–2013 2009 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Online education Trading Banking Shopping Job enhancement (increased e? ciency/? exibility) Job hunting Assisted career path Job in industry Studying online Socio-political e? ects (global access to information, democ ratization of information, bringing humanity together) 21. Negative e? cts (pornography, phishing, spam, viruses, bad use of time, addiction, reduction of face-to-face contact, availability of illegal items, proliferation of uncensored information, etc. ) Reliability of coding was established in a 20% sample from the postings. Across all categories this yielded substantial agreement (Cohen’s Kappa = 0. 78), with no individual categories yielding ? gures below the substantial range (Landis & Koch, 1977). Gender di? erences were then examined using v2 tests. 3. Results Gender di? erences were found in the frequency with which a number of the categories were present in the postings (see Table 1).Chi square tests revealed that a higher proportion Table 1 Frequency of appearance of coding categories by gender Category Contact with family and friends Made new friends Renewed contact with old friends/family Met partner/spouse International news sites General information acquisition/ research Therapeutic/medical advice Support for access/mobility problems Entertainment Travel booking Online education Trading Banking Shopping Job enhancement Job hunting Assisted career path Job in industry Socio-political e? ects Negative e? ects * ** % Men 25. 0 10. 0 4. 0 8. 5 9. 5 25. 5 2. 5 4. 0 12. 5 1. 5 2. 0 3. 0 6. 12. 5 6. 0 1. 5 12. 0 12. 0 12. 5 31. 0 % Women 30. 5 20. 5 20. 0 22. 5 19. 5 36. 0 7. 0 5. 0 10. 0 6. 0 6. 5 7. 0 7. 0 20. 5 7. 5 3. 5 4. 0 6. 0 5. 0 21. 0 v2 (1) n. s. 8. 53** 5. 50* 14. 97** 8. 07** 5. 18* 4. 48* n. s. n. s. 5. 60* 4. 98* n. s. n. s. 4. 63* n. s. n. s. 8. 70** 4. 40* 7. 05** 5. 20* p < . 05. p < . 01. 2010 A. Colley, J. Maltby / Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2005–2013 of women’s postings mentioned having made new friends, having renewed contact with old friends or family members, having met their partner or spouse online, access to international news sites, being able to ? d information easily, accessing medical or ther apeutic advice, studying online, booking travel online and shopping online. A higher proportion of men’s posting mentioned that the Internet had played a role in their career path, that they had found employment in the industry, positive socio-political e? ects and negative aspects of the Internet. 4. Discussion The ? ndings from this study extend those of existing research on Internet usage by providing information on what men and women perceive as important to them. In some cases the ? ndings accord with the usage data, while in others they do not.With respect to interpersonal communication, our ? ndings show no di? erence in the frequency with which Internet-assisted contact with friends and family was cited as being an aspect of the Internet which had changed the lives of men and women. It is worth noting however, this was the second most frequent category occurring in postings from both sexes. Studies of usage have produced a range of results on gender di? erences in the use of e-mail, although on balance the ? ndings have suggested slightly more or signi? cantly more use by women (e. g. Sherman et al. , 2000; Wasserman & Richmond-Abbott, 2005). Our ? dings suggest that the impact upon men’s and women’s lives may be similar, although of course there may be di? erences in the way in which men and women enact relationships electronically (Boneva, Kraut, & Frohlich, 2001). Di? erential impact is evident in women’s higher frequency of mention of using Internet sites to make new friends, meet partners and renew old acquaintances, supporting the notion that women’s interpersonal orientation will in? uence their Internet behavior (Jackson et al. , 2001). This ? nding is of interest in the context of men’s greater usage of chat room sites found by Sherman et al. 2000) and Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott (2005), although our content category was not speci? c to chat rooms alone. It is nevertheless possible that men and women use such sites for different purposes and gain di? erent kinds or rewards from them: our data suggest that women place greater value on the facility to expand their social networks, whereas it is possible that men’s motives may be more mixed. Wasserman and Richmond-Abbott’s suggestion that men may be more likely to use them to play interpersonal games and display power may be relevant here, and accords with ? dings that men are more likely to be dishonest in chat room interactions (Whitty & Gavin, 2001) and lie about their sex, education, income and occupation (Whitty, 2002). There is a growing literature on the nature of online relationships and the characteristics of those who participate in them (e. g. Cheng, Chan, & Tong, 2006; McCown, Fischer, Page, & Homant, 2001) and it would be pro? table to examine gender di? erences in motivation to engage in interpersonal behaviors on the Internet in more detail. The most frequently cited positive e? ct overall was the abil ity to access general information on the Internet, although it was present in a higher proportion of women’s than men’ postings. This result contrasts with the usage ? ndings (Jackson et al. , 2001; Joiner et al. , 2005; Teo & Lim, 2000; Weiser, 2000), but supports the notion of women’s more practical approach and stronger perception of the Internet as a ‘‘tour’’ (Tsai & Lin, 2004), which may also explain their more frequent mention of news sites. The women’s more practical approach is also evident in their higher frequency of mention of accessing A. Colley, J. Maltby / Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2005–2013 011 online education, therapeutic advice, booking travel and shopping. However, gender differences were not present in other practical uses such as trading, banking and accessing sources of entertainment. In order to explain the pattern of ? ndings, it is necessary to take into account the broader context of g ender di? erences in social role demands and accompanying gender-related traits (e. g. Eagly, 1987; Eagly, Wood, & Diekman, 2000), in which the domestic vs. external distinction di? erentiates the focus and interests of women and men. Our data suggest that this distinction may underpin the impact of the Internet on men and women.The Internet in? uences women’s lives more than men’s in facilitating new interpersonal interactions, providing access to information from the domestic sphere, and facilitating the purchase of goods, and in? uences men’s lives more than women’s by providing employment or assisting career development. In addition there was greater evidence in the postings from men of awareness of the global impact of the technology, for example, ‘‘Never have so many people been empowered to make a real di? erence and get their message heard’’, (male participant 159).This external awareness is also evident in men’s m ore frequent mention of the negative impacts, ‘‘A disadvantage is the anonymity. . .. idiots can spread their madness, insult others etc. all without fear of being uncovered. A 60-year-old suddenly becomes an 18-year-old and vice-versa’’, (male participant 108). The gender di? erence in relation to negative impacts, however, raises several further possibilities. One may be that women’s greater interpersonal orientation simply results in a tendency to emphasize the good rather than the bad in responding to the discussion issue on the site.Alternatively, women’s more domestic focus may make them less concerned about the broader context and in particular the ‘perils’ of the Internet in relation to power and exploitation (Morahan-Martin, 2000), so ironically, one outcome of the tendency of the Internet to re? ect traditional gender divisions may be to reduce women’s awareness that this is the case. There are some limitations as sociated with using this kind of methodology which are shared with studies of computer-mediated communication in discussion lists (e. g.Herring, 1993), and which relate to the lack of information on the sample. For example, no data on age is available and this may be a relevant variable in relation to impact, since younger users will have grown up with the Internet, while older users will have adapted to its use. However, there is no reason to assume that their distributions among the males and females in the sample should vary and introduce a systematic bias. There is no information available on experience, which may show a gender di? erence since women’s widespread use of the Internet has been more recent than that of men.Whether or how length of experience might in? uence perceptions of the impact of the Internet cannot therefore be answered here but would be a suitable topic for further investigation. Finally, the sample is drawn from those who visit a news website rather than users of the Internet in general so could be regarded as representing a part of the population with a particular pro? le of interests. However, news websites are visited by a signi? cant proportion of the population: this was the third largest use of the Internet in a US survey for 2005 (Centre for the DigitalFuture, 2005) and 35% of a recent sample of UK citizens had accessed on-line news in the last three months (National Statistics, 2006). One signi? cant advantage of using this kind of data is that the areas appearing in the sample of postings are those that spontaneously occur to those submitting them, without prompting from an investigator. Consideration of the advantages and limitations of using the postings as data raises a further gender di? erence, which relates to the acquisition of the quota sample used. There were very substantially more postings on the site from men than women, even when ambiguous 012 A. Colley, J. Maltby / Computers in Human Behavior 24 (2008) 2 005–2013 names were discounted. While this may partly re? ect a residual gender gap in access, it also provides a clear illustration of the di? erent uses of the Internet by men and women, which are attributable to socio-cultural factors and therefore likely to remain (Wasserman & Richmond-Abbott, 2005). Interestingly, Fuller (2004) found that use of the Internet by men and women in the US for political activities, such as accessing information was broadly equal but that women were less likely to post to a political discussion group.It seems, therefore, that it is the opportunity to engage in an anonymous form of interpersonal interaction in which knowledge and power may be displayed (Wasserman & Richmond-Abbott, 2005) that attracts more male postings to sites like the one studied here. The analysis of this sample of postings has produced a picture of what men and women who use the Internet regard as the areas with major impact on their lives. 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